How are disputes between chapters and the national organization resolved?

• A. Disputes are handled informally with no defined process.
• B. External court litigation is required for all disputes.
• C. The national president has sole discretion to resolve disputes.
• D. A dispute resolution or grievance process defined in the bylaws.

Answer: (D)

Disputes between chapters and the national organization are resolved through a formal dispute resolution or grievance process defined in the bylaws. This means the bylaws lay out how a complaint is filed, who reviews it, and the steps from initial review to possible hearings or mediation, with a designated body handling the decisions and clear timelines. An appeals option is typically included to ensure fairness. This structured approach ensures due process, consistency, and transparency in handling disagreements across chapters and the national organization. Relying on informal handling, court litigation for all disputes, or a single individual’s discretion would undermine fairness and consistency.